Rule 9 Conduct of Players and Others – With Case Plays

SECTION 1 HELPING THE RUNNER

An offensive player shall not push, pull or lift the runner to assist his forward progress.

ASSISTING RUNNER

9.1 SITUATION: With fourth and goal from B’s 1-yard line and: (a) runner A1 is pushed at the line of scrimmage from behind by A2 in an effort by A2 to get him into the end zone; or (b) without contacting A1, A2 and A3 push the pile forward into the end zone. RULING: In (a), A2 has fouled by helping the runner. The foul carries a 5-yard penalty. Therefore it will be fourth and goal from B’s 6-yard line if the penalty is accepted. In (b), neither A2 nor A3 has fouled.

PENALTY: Helping the runner (S44) – 5 yards.

SECTION 2 ILLEGAL USE OF THE HANDS AND HOLDING

ART. 1 . . . An offensive player (except the runner) shall not:

Use a blocking technique which is not permissible by rule. (2-3-2, 2-3-3)
Grasp or encircle any teammate to form interlocked blocking.
Use his hands, arms or legs to hook, lock, clamp, grasp, encircle or hold in an effort to restrain an opponent.

BLOCKING – ILLEGAL USE OF HANDS

9.2.1 SITUATION A: During a running play, blocker A1 has his hands cupped and together in front of his body with his elbows outside his shoulders. As he approaches his opponent, he raises his hands and forearms perpendicular to the ground to contact his opponent. RULING: If the blocker’s palms are facing the opponent, or if his forearms are extended more than 45 degrees from his body, the hands must be open at and during contact. (2-3-2)

9.2.1 SITUATION B: Blocker A1 has his hands and arms in legal position with the elbows outside the body and: (a) when B1 attempts to penetrate his block in an upright position, he contacts B1 above the shoulders with his forearm; or (b) as B2 ducks or submarines, A1 contacts him above the shoulder with his cupped hands. RULING: In (a), it is an illegal blocking technique because contact was made above the defensive player’s shoulders while he was in a normal upright position. In (b), the responsibility for the contact on the head of B2 is that of B2, because he has taken evasive action to avoid the block. It is assumed contact by A1 in (b) does not violate the provision of striking or contacting above the shoulders. (2-3-2)

9.2.1 SITUATION C: During a scrimmage down, blocker A1 contacts B1 with open hands: (a) while his forearms are extended more than 45 degrees from his body and the palms of his hands are toward the defender; or (b) in a pushing action when extending his arms beyond 45 degrees from his body. RULING: It is a legal blocking technique in both (a) or (b). (2-3-2)

9.2.1 SITUATION D: Lineman A1 and B1 are both inside the free-blocking zone at the snap. Before the zone disintegrates, A1 blocks B1 with open hands from behind pushing B1 with his arms fully extended. RULING: Legal block. (2-17-3)

9.2.1 SITUATION E: In blocking B1, A1’s forearms are almost fully extended from his body and he contacts B1 with the side of his closed hands. The palms of A1’s hands are not directly facing B1. RULING: An illegal blocking technique by A1. The hands may not be closed or cupped when the arms are extended more than 45 degrees from the blocker’s body. (2-3-2)

9.2.1 SITUATION F: A1 is blocking with open hands: (a) outside his own frame; or (b) outside B1’s frame, during contact. RULING: A1 is using an illegal blocking technique in both (a) and (b). When the hands are outside the frame, as described above and grasps the opponent or his equipment, it is a holding foul instead of illegal use of hands.

9.2.1 SITUATION G: A1 makes legal contact on B1’s chest using extended arms with open hands. B1 spins in an effort to evade A1 and get to the passer. A1 effectively maintains contact while shifting his hands to B1’s upper arm and then directly on his back as B1 turns. A1 continues the contact and finishes the block by forcing B1 beyond the passer. RULING: The described blocking technique is legal. COMMENT: In order to legally contact the back of the opponent in this situation it must either be a continuation of contact that was legal originally, or because the opponent turned so quickly the blocker could not stop his charge in time to avoid contact on the back. When the extended-arms technique is used, the hands must be open on contact and remain open during the contact. The open-hand blocking technique may be used in any situation where blocking is legal for A.

USE OF HANDS ON MUFFED PASS

9.2.1 SITUATION H: A1 throws a forward pass beyond the neutral zone which is touched by eligible A2 and is muffed high into the air. While the muffed ball is in the air: (a) ineligible A3 blocks B1 away from the ball, or (b) ineligible A3 touches the ball in an attempt to catch it. RULING: Legal action in (a), but illegal touching in (b). After A2 touches the ball, eligible offensive team players may use hands or arms. Pass interference restrictions for eligibles have ended. However, an ineligible Team A player may not touch the pass until after a Team B player has touched it. The ineligibles, however, may block an opponent to keep him from getting to the ball or to help a teammate secure possession. (2-3-4c, 7-5-9b, 7-5-13)

INTERLOCKED BLOCKING

9.2.1 SITUATION I: K is attempting a try by kick. After the ball is snapped, the offensive guards and tackles each grab the jersey of an adjacent teammate. The kick by K1 is successful. RULING: Grabbing the jersey of an offensive team- mate is considered to be the same as grasping the teammate and it is interlocked blocking, which is a form of illegal use of hands and carries a 10-yard penalty. Any time offensive players grasp teammates in this manner, it would have to be considered interlocked blocking whether they grab each other at the shoulders, arms, legs, ankles, etc.

9.2.1 SITUATION J: On a successful try for point by kick, the interior linemen of K all reached across and grasped the teammate immediately to their inside after the snap. RULING: Interlocked blocking, 10-yard penalty from the spot of the foul since this spot is probably behind the basic spot.

ART. 2 . . . The runner may not grasp a teammate.

ART. 3 . . . A defensive player shall not:

Use a technique that is not permissible by rule. (2-3-2, 2-3-5)
Use his hands to add momentum to the charge of a teammate who is on the line of scrimmage.
Use his hands or arms to hook, lock, clamp, grasp, encircle or hold in an effort to restrain an opponent other than the runner.
Contact an eligible receiver who is no longer a potential blocker.

BLOCKING – USE OF HANDS

9.2.3 SITUATION A: End A1 sprints from the line and then cuts sharply toward the middle of the field. A1 makes no attempt to block defensive back B1. B1 pursues A1 and pushes him from the side using his open hands. Contact is made on A1’s upper arm before the pass is thrown. A1 was moving away from B1 when the contact occurred. RULING: Illegal use of hands by B1. A defender may legally contact an eligible receiver beyond the neutral zone before the pass is in flight provided the receiver is a potential blocker. The contact may be a block or warding off the opponent who is attempting to block by pushing or pulling him. However, if the receiver is not attempting to block or has gone past the yard line occupied by the defender or is moving away, it is illegal for the defender to use hands in the manner described. In this situation, it is clear that A1 is no longer a potential blocker on B1. (2-3-5a, 7-5-7)

9.2.3 SITUATION B: As the offensive linemen charge on the snap of the ball, B1: (a) grasps guard A1 by the jersey and controls him until he sees where the ball is going; or (b) slaps A1 on the side of the helmet with an open hand and forces his head to the side with what is commonly called the “bell ringer;” or (c) contacts A1 with one hand on his shoulder pad and the other hand on his helmet in fighting off the block; or (d) pulls A1’s shoulders to one side and charges through in an effort to get to the runner; or (e) pulls A1’s shoulders to one side so B2 may charge through to the runner. RULING: It is holding in (a), which will result in a 10-yard penalty administered from the basic spot defined in Rule 10-4, if accepted. In (b), it is illegal personal contact, and (e), it is illegal use of hands by B1, which also carries a 10-yard penalty. The action by B1 in (c) and (d) is legal. (10-4)

9.2.3 SITUATION C: Quarterback A1 drops back 15 yards and throws a legal forward pass intended for A2, who is 5 yards behind the neutral zone. Before the pass reaches A2: (a) B1 tackles A2; or (b) B1 blocks A2. RULING: In (a), tackling A2 is a foul, as it is a form of holding. Defensive players are prohibited from grasping an opponent other than the runner. The foul in (a) occurs during a loose- ball play, and the 10-yard penalty will be administered from the previous spot. In (b), the contact by B1 is not pass interference and, if the block itself is legal, there is no infraction. (7-5-10)

PENALTY:
Arts. 1a, 2, 3a, b, d – Illegal use of hands or arms – (S42) – 10 yards;
Art. 1b – interlocked blocking – (S44) – 10 yards;
Arts. 1c, 3c – holding – (S42) – 10 yards.

SECTION 3 ILLEGAL BLOCKING

ART. 1 . . . Blocking by a player either on offense or defense is illegal when it is:

Kick-catching interference as in 6-5-6.
Forward-pass interference as in 7-5-10.
A personal foul as in 9-4.

ART. 2 . . . A player shall not block an opponent below the waist except:

In the free-blocking zone when the contact meets the requirements of 2-17.
To tackle a runner or player pretending to be a runner.

ILLEGAL BLOCKING

9.3.2 SITUATION A: A1 is legally in motion at the snap: (a) within the free-blocking zone, or (b) outside the free-blocking zone, and B1 is in the zone at the snap. In (a), A1 blocks B1 below the waist as a part of immediate, initial action following the snap, within the free-blocking zone. In (b), A1 comes into the free-blocking zone and blocks B1 above the waist and in the back as a part of an immediate, initial action following the snap. RULING: It is an illegal block in both (a) and (b). In (a), because A1 and B1 were both not on the line of scrimmage but were in the zone at the snap, the block below the waist is illegal even if initiated as part of immediate, initial action following the snap. The offensive blocker must be on the line of scrimmage and in the zone at the snap and the block must be an immediate, initial action at the snap to be able to legally block below the waist. In (b) the block is illegal as it is blocking in the back. (2-17-2, 2-17-3, 9-3-5 PENALTY)

9.3.2 SITUATION B: At the snap, A1, B1 and B2 were all on the line of scrimmage and in the free-blocking zone at the snap and A2 is in shotgun formation lined up outside the zone. After the snap: (a) A1 blocks B1 then disengages and blocks B2 below the waist before the ball has left the zone; (b) B1 is in a gap and A1 has to take a step to get to him before initiating contact below the waist but is continually moving toward B1 after the snap; (c) A1 makes initial contact with B1 with the player’s hands below the waist, the continuation of the block resulting in A1’s hands above or below B1’s waist; (d) A1 rises and slightly retreats as if to go in traditional pass blocking protection, but then dives and blocks B1 below the waist. RULING: In (a), this is an illegal block below the waist as the block was not a part of the immediate, initial action following the snap. In (b) and (c), the block is legal as it meets all of the criteria for a legal block below the waist provided the block was a part of the immediate, initial action following the snap. The location of A2 is not a factor in determining the legality of the block below the waist if the players are linemen, in the zone at the snap, and the block is initiated as part of immediate, initial action following the snap. In (b), game officials should be aware of the start of the block and know that the start may or may not precede actual contact. In (d), this is an illegal block below the waist as the block was not part of the immediate, initial action following the snap. (2-17-2)

9.3.2 SITUATION C: Back A9 is lined up behind quarterback A8 within the free-blocking zone. As A8 drops back to pass, A9 blocks B7, who was in the free-blocking zone at the snap, below the waist. RULING: Illegal block by A9. An offensive player must be on the line of scrimmage and in the free-blocking zone at the snap in order to block a defensive player below the waist who was also on the line of scrimmage and in the free-blocking zone at the snap, even if initiated as part of immediate, initial action following the snap. (2-17-2)

9.3.2 SITUATION D: Linebacker B7 is in the free-blocking zone, but off the line of scrimmage. B7 blocks A8 below the waist while the ball is still in the zone. RULING: Illegal block. In order for a block below the waist to be legal, both the blocker and the person being blocked must be on the line of scrimmage and in the free-blocking zone, even if initiated as part of immediate, initial action following the snap. (2-17-2)

9.3.2 SITUATION E: During a running play to the left, lineman A1, who was in the free-blocking zone, crosses through the zone and blocks B1 who was in the zone at the snap from the side below the waist, and away from the spot of the snap, as the lead blocker for a reverse. RULING: Illegal block by A1 because the block was below the waist and not part of the immediate, initial action following the snap. (2-17-2)

9.3.2 SITUATION F: A1 and A2 combine in blocking B1 as follows: (a) both block B1 downfield with A1 making contact above the waist and A2 simultaneously making contact below the waist but above the knees; or (b) both block B1 in the free-blocking zone with A1’s block above the waist and A2’s block below the waist; or (c) A1 blocks B1 above the waist as part of immediate, initial action following the snap and at the same time, A2 blocks B1 below the waist and above the knees; or (d) both A1 and A2 block B1 below the knees from the front of B1 while in the free-blocking zone. RULING: In (a), (b) and (c), illegal chop block by A2; in (d), this combination or multiple block is legal if the block and both blockers were in the free-blocking zone at the snap and the block was part of the immediate, initial action following the snap. (2-3-8, 2-17-2, 9-3-6)

9.3.2 SITUATION G: A sets in a formation with the split end A1 outside the defensive end and outside the linebacker, and not in the free-blocking zone. Following the snap, A1 blocks toward the ball on either B1, the defensive end, or B2, the linebacker, who is 2 yards behind the neutral zone. A1 blocks: (a) B1 above the waist from the front; or (b) B2 below the waist from the front; or (c) B1 with his hands on the side of B1’s shoulder pads. RULING: Legal block in (a) and (c), but an illegal block below the waist in (b). A1 may block this player, but the block must be above the waist and on the front or side of the opponent. (2-17-2)

9.3.2 SITUATION H: A1 is the lead blocker on a sweep play and is outside the free-blocking zone when he blocks B1: (a) and initial contact is below B1’s waist but the block was not part of the immediate, initial action following the snap; or (b) as A1 moves in to block, initial contact is with B1’s hands that are below the waist and, thereafter, contact is at B’s knees; or (c) initial contact on B1 is at waist level, but as he continues contact he does block on B1’s legs. RULING: Illegal block below the waist in (a) and (b) and legal contact in (c). If the initial contact is with the opponent’s body, hands or arms, at the waist or above, and in continuation the contact is below the waist, it is a legal block. (2-3-7)

9.3.2 SITUATION I: R1 rushes in to block a punt by K1. K2 attempts to block R1. The direction of K2’s block is above the waist; however, just before contact R1 jumps in the air attempting to block the punt and contact by K2 is below R1’s waist. RULING: K2’s block is legal since the initial direction was legal and the below-the-waist contact was as a result of R1’s movement. When R1 jumped in the air, it absolved K2 of responsibility for the low block. This would not be true if R1 changed direction laterally; in that case initial blocking contact must be above the opponent’s waist. (2-3-7)

9.3.2 SITUATION J: A1 contacts B1 with a legal block above the waist. The contact causes both players to stop or to bounce backward slightly and: (a) A1 immediately continues his charge and blocks B1 below the waist; or (b) A1 re- treats or recoils and then blocks B1 below the waist. RULING: Legal block in (a). It is permissible for A1’s block to be below the waist if it is part of a continuous block or continuous charge after first contact was above the waist. It is an illegal block in (b). It is illegal for A1 to recoil, retreat or reset after first contact with B1 above the waist and then block him below the waist. It is considered a second block in this case and therefore an illegal block below the waist.

ART. 3 . . . A receiver who has given a valid or invalid fair-catch signal shall not block an opponent until the kick has ended.

ART. 4 . . . The kicker or place-kick holder of a free kick may not be blocked before:

He has advanced 5 yards beyond his free-kick line; or
The kick has touched the ground or any other player.

ILLEGAL BLOCKING

9.3.4 SITUATION: From his 40-yard line, K1 kicks the ball laterally and short on a kickoff, hoping his team can recover just beyond R’s free-kick line. The ball bounces immediately after being kicked. K1 is blocked by R1: (a) on his 42-yard line; or (b) on his 43-yard line, 5 yards from the sideline. RULING: Legal block in both (a) and (b) if the contact is above the waist. As soon as the ball touches the ground, the kicker/holder may be contacted with a legal block.

ART. 5 . . . A player shall not block an opponent in the back except:

In the free-blocking zone when the contact meets the requirements of 2-17.
Using hands and arms to contact an opponent above the waist in warding off a blocker, or when attempting to reach a runner, or catch or recover a loose ball which he may legally touch or possess.
To tackle a runner or player pretending to be a runner.

ILLEGAL BLOCKING

9.3.5 SITUATION A: Offensive lineman A1 is on his scrimmage line and in the free-blocking zone at the snap. Immediately after the snap he drops back one step, then moves quickly three steps to the inside and while still in the free-blocking zone, contacts B1 in the back. The free-blocking zone still exists prior to A1’s block. B1 was in the free-blocking zone at the snap. RULING: Legal block by A1. Blocking in the back does not have to be an immediate, initial action following the snap.

9.3.5 SITUATION B: Quarterback A1 takes the snap and hands off to back A2 who takes a few steps left and then hands off to back A3 who attempts to run wide to the right. Linemen A4 and A5 pull and block opponents from behind in the back while the ball is still in the zone. The defenders and linemen were in the zone at the snap and the contact occurred in the free-blocking zone while the free-blocking zone still exists. RULING: Legal contact.

9.3.5 SITUATION C: A9 is approaching B10 in the open field and at an angle. A9 pushes B10 in the back with one hand and with the other hand on the shoulder. RULING: This is an illegal block in the back. (9-3-5)

9.3.5 SITUATION D: A2 is on the line of scrimmage and in the free-blocking zone at the snap. A2 pulls down the line and contacts B7 (who was in the free-blocking zone at the snap) inside the shoulders, below the neck, above the waist and in the back while B7 and the ball are still in the free-blocking zone. RULING: Legal block by A2. Blocking in the back does not have to be an immediate, initial action following the snap.

9.3.5 SITUATION E: Runner A1 is hit behind the line. The ball pops free and: (a) is in the air; or (b) is rolling on the ground, when B1 pushes A2 in the back above the waist to get to the loose ball. RULING: Legal in both (a) and (b). (2-3-4c, 2-3-5b)

9.3.5 SITUATION F: Runner A1 breaks free beyond the neutral zone at midfield. A2 is running between A1 and safety B1, who is gaining fast on both of them. As B1 nears A2 he pushes him from behind above the waist to clear the way to A1. B1 subsequently tackles A1 at B’s 10-yard line. RULING: B1’s contact on blocker A2 is legal when attempting to get to the runner or to catch or recover a loose ball which he may possess. (2-3-5b)

ART. 6 . . . A player shall not chop block or clip.

ILLEGAL BLOCKING

9.3.6 COMMENT: Clipping is a block against an opponent when the initial con- tact is from behind, at or below the waist, and not against a player who is a runner or pretending to be a runner. Such cases shall not be ruled clipping and/ or blocking in the back unless the game official sees the initial contact. When in doubt, the contact is legal and not from behind. When the contact is ruled to be from behind, and the game official has questions as to the initial point of contact, it shall be ruled clipping.

9.3.6 SITUATION A: A1 is on the line of scrimmage and in the free-blocking zone at the snap. Immediately following the snap, he drops back one step, moves three steps inside and while still in the free-blocking zone, clips B2 who was on the line of scrimmage, in the free-blocking zone at the snap and the ball had not left the free-blocking zone. RULING: Illegal block (clipping).

9.3.6 SITUATION B: Linebacker B1 is lined up three yards from the line of scrim- mage and in the free-blocking zone. A2, who is on the line of scrimmage and in the free-blocking zone, when the ball is snapped, blocks (a) B1 below the waist, from behind or (b) B1 in the back, above the waist. In both situations, the contact is in the zone and the ball is in the zone when the contact occurs. RULING: In (a), it is clipping and a 15-yard penalty would be assessed from the basic spot. In (b), legal.

ART. 7 . . . No member of the kicking team shall initiate contact to (block) an opponent on a free kick until:

The legal kick has traveled 10 yards;
The kicking team is eligible to recover a free-kicked ball; or
The receiving team initiates a block within the neutral zone.

ILLEGAL BLOCKING

9.3.7 SITUATION A: During a free kick (including an onside kick attempt), K1 initiates contact against R1 prior to the ball traveling past the receiving team’s re- straining line (10 yards). No member of R had initiated a block against K in the neutral zone. RULING: Live ball foul, illegal block. If the distance penalty is accepted, it is R’s choice to have the penalty enforced from the succeeding spot or to have it enforced from the previous spot and require K to rekick. (10-4-2 EXCEPTION)

9.3.7 SITUATION B: During a free kick (including an onside kick attempt): (a) R touches the ball prior to it traveling 10 yards after which K contacts R and re- covers the ball; (b) after the ball travels 10 yards, K contacts R prior to R touching the ball and is recovered by K; (c) after the ball touches the ground and travels 10 yards, K contacts R prior to recovering the ball; (d) after the ball travels 10 yards and after R initiates a block against K in the neutral zone, K recovers the ball; or (e) R and K contact each other approximately the same time prior to the ball traveling 10 yards. RULING: Legal recovery by K in (a), (b), (c) and (d). In (e), game officials should be guided by the thought that when in doubt, R initiated the contact and, therefore, this would be no foul.

PENALTY:
Art. 2 – Blocking Below the Waist – (S40) – 15 yards;
Art. 3 – Blocking After Signal – (S43) – 15 yards;
Art. 4 – Blocking Kicker or Place-Kick Holder – (S30) – 15 yards;
Art. 5 – Blocking in the Back – (S43) – 10 yards;
Art. 6 – Chop Block (S41) – 15 yards; Art. 6 – Clipping – (S39) – 15 yards;
Art. 7 – Illegal Block – (S43), live ball foul, 10 yards.

SECTION 4 ILLEGAL PERSONAL CONTACT

ART. 1 . . . No player or nonplayer shall fight.

FIGHTING/NOT FIGHTING

9.4.1 SITUATION A: With the ball on B’s 2-yard line and between downs, a fight starts between A1 and B1. The game officials do not know which player struck the first blow. RULING: Disqualify both A1 and B1 and signal personal fouls against each team, but the penalties cancel. (2-11; 10-2-5b, c)

9.4.1 SITUATION B: It is A’s ball, third down and 1, on A’s 10-yard line. B1 tackles A1 with a hard legal tackle at the line of scrimmage. A1, feeling the tackle was unjustly harsh, jumps to his feet and attacks B1, delivering blows with his fist. In response, B1 directs a profanity toward A1. RULING: The penalties for A1’s dead-ball personal foul and B1’s unsportsmanlike conduct foul would cancel. A1 shall be disqualified for fighting; B1 would remain in the game unless the game officials judged that his reaction was flagrant or it was his second unsportsmanlike conduct foul. It’s A’s ball fourth down and 1 on its own 10-yard line. (2-11; 9-8-1 PENALTY; 10-2-5b, c)

9.4.1 SITUATION C: During B1’s tackling of runner A1, he delivers a blow to- ward the ball in an attempt to dislodge it, but instead strikes A1 with his fist. RULING: B1 is charged with a personal foul and disqualified for fighting. B will be assessed a 15-yard penalty. COMMENT: This specific situation is intended to depict an act which is clearly a personal foul and not inadvertent contact resulting from an attempt to dislodge the football. Game officials must continually use prudent judgment and see the entire play in order to view these types of acts in the proper context. If it is judged by the game official that this contact is excessive, but is not an act to be construed as fighting, the personal foul would result in an ejection for striking, but would not be fighting by rule. (2-11)

9.4.1 SITUATION D: After completing the catch, receiver A12’s momentum carries him into B’s team box, where nonplayer B44 pushes A12 into a bench. RULING: Nonplayer B44 is disqualified and a 15-yard penalty is assessed from the succeeding spot.

ART. 2 . . . No player or nonplayer shall intentionally contact a game official.

ART. 3 . . . No player or nonplayer shall:

Swing the foot, shin or knee into an opponent, nor extend the knee to meet a blocker.
Charge into or throw an opponent to the ground after he is obviously out of the play, or after the ball is clearly dead either in or out of bounds.
Pile on any player who is lying on the ground.
Hurdle an opponent.
Position himself on the shoulders or body of a teammate or opponent to gain an advantage.
Throw a helmet to trip an opponent.
Make any other contact with an opponent, including a defenseless player (as in 2-32-16), which is deemed unnecessary or excessive and which incites roughness.
Grasp an opponent’s face mask, any edge of a helmet opening, chin strap, or a tooth and mouth protector attached to the face mask and twist, turn or pull the face mask, helmet opening, chin strap or a tooth and mouth protector attached to the face mask; or incidentally grasp an opponent’s face mask, helmet opening, chin strap or a tooth and mouth protector attached to the face mask.
Initiate illegal helmet contact. (butt block, face tackle or spear)
NOTE: Illegal helmet contact may be judged by the game official a flagrant act. Acts that may be judged to be flagrant include, but are not limited to:
1. Illegal helmet contact against an opponent lying on the ground,
2. Illegal helmet contact against an opponent being held up by other players, and/or
3. Illegal helmet-to-helmet contact against a defenseless opponent.
Strike an opponent with his fist, locked hands, forearm or elbow, nor kick or knee him.
Grab the inside back or side collar, or the name plate area (directly below the back collar), of either the shoulder pads or the jersey of the runner and subsequently pull (backward or sideward) that opponent to the ground (Horse-collar), even if possession is lost. The horse-collar foul is enforced as a live-ball foul.
Initiate contact with an opposing player whose helmet has come completely off.
Target an opponent.
Execute a blindside block outside of the free-blocking zone with forceful contact unless initiated with open hands.
Trip an opponent.

ILLEGAL PERSONAL CONTACT

9.4.3 COMMENT: Is there rules coverage on a “defenseless player” who should be protected from unnecessary roughness and guidance for game officials and coaches as to the application of 9-4-3(g) and what contact should be considered excessive, particularly against defenseless players? Yes. Defenseless players are especially vulnerable to potential injury. Game officials must diligently observe all action and watch for contact against players who are deemed defenseless. The game official must draw distinction between contact necessary to make a legal block or tackle, including the restrictions on blindside blocks, making unnecessary contact on a defenseless player and targeting any player at any time. While there is not universal agreement on all specific list of items, several have been identified as problematic and particular emphasis should be made on these acts, particularly those enumerated in 2-32-16. Any unnecessary or excessive contact play against a player in that listing in 2-32-16, including a player executing forceful contact against a defenseless receiver (as defined in 2-32-16b and 2-32-16c) that is not detailed in 2-32-16d (1), (2) and (3), should be ruled by the game official as an excessive unnecessary act. [2-32-16, 9-4-3g, 9-4-3i(3)]

9.4.3 SITUATION A: As A1 is advancing for a touchdown from B’s 10-yard line, B1 commits a block with open hands against A2 who is obviously out of the play at B’s 15-yard line. The covering official rules that not only was the contact unnecessarily rough, it was judged by the game official to be flagrant. RULING: The penalty for the foul may be enforced from the succeeding spot or the succeeding kickoff and A’s touchdown stands. B1 is disqualified because the foul was judged by the game official to be flagrant. COMMENT: Game officials must be alert for flagrant fouls and enforce the disqualification portion of the penalty if necessary. (9-4-3g PENALTY, 10-5-1)

9.4.3 SITUATION B: Wide receiver A1 goes downfield 15 yards, cuts sharply to the outside and stops near the sideline and catches the pass. B1 drives the crown (top portion) of his helmet into A1. RULING: This use of the helmet is spearing by B1. COMMENT: Face tackling, butt blocking and spearing are somewhat related fouls. All are illegal and each carries a 15-yard penalty. Butt blocking is initiating contact with front of the helmet against an opponent who is not the runner. It may be committed by any player. Face tackling is the same act against the runner and can only be committed by the defense. Both fouls may result from inadvertent acts. Spearing is initiating contact at the shoulders or below against an opponent with the crown (top portion) of the helmet and may be committed by any player. Any tactic which involves the illegal use of the helmet is condemned by all who are concerned with the well-being of players and the perpetuation of the game. (2-20-1c)

9.4.3 SITUATION C: Quarterback A1 has: (a) handed off to A2 and is walking away observing the progress of the play; or (b) thrown a legal forward pass and is moving away from the play after the pass was caught. In (a) and (b), B1 tackles A1. RULING: Illegal personal contact by B1 in both (a) and (b). It is a foul for illegal personal contact when a player charges into or throws an opponent to the ground after he is obviously out of the play. The 15-yard penalty is administered from the basic spot defined in Rule 10-4. If the act is judged by the game official to be flagrant, B1 must be disqualified. (2-40, 10-4)

9.4.3 SITUATION D: Runner A1 breaks free beyond the neutral zone. (a) As B1 and B2 are closing in to tackle him, A1 veers into B1 and deliberately drives the crown (top portion) of his helmet into B1’s chest; or (b) as B1 and B2 attempt to bring him down, A1 lowers his head and drives forward for yardage and he contacts B1 and/or B2 with his helmet. RULING: Spearing by A1 in (a) as he uses the crown (top portion) of his helmet to punish B1. It is a 15-yard penalty. If the spearing is judged by the game official to be flagrant, A1 must be disqualified. In (b), the lowering of the head to pick up additional yardage is not illegal unless it is done to punish an opponent, if he uses his helmet to butt or ram, or the runner commits spearing or butt blocking or targeting. The runner’s normal reaction is to attempt to gain yardage when being tackled. The reason for including the runner in the illegal helmet contact and targeting prohibition is to prevent him from using his helmet to abuse an opponent as well as protection of the player. The illegal helmet contact rules apply equally to all players. (2-20-1, 2-20-2)

ADVANTAGE GAINED ILLEGALLY

9.4.3 SITUATION E: (a) End A1 goes 5 yards downfield and stops. Wide receiver A2 jumps on his back and catches a pass; or (b) B1 steps on the back of snapper A1 immediately after the snap as he propels himself into the air to block a punt; or (c) B1 jumps on B2’s shoulders in an effort to block a field-goal attempt. RULING: A personal foul in (a), (b) and (c). In all cases, an advantage has been gained illegally.

OUT OF PLAY

9.4.3 SITUATION F: During a forward-pass play, eligible receiver A1 runs a pass pattern and it is obvious he will be unable to catch the pass from A2 because: (a) the pass is incomplete, striking the ground; or (b) it is well overthrown but in the general area of A1. In both (a) and (b), when it is obvious the pass will not be caught by A1, B1 aggressively contacts A1. RULING: In (a), because this contact is following the incomplete pass, it is a dead-ball foul and would be penalized 15 yards from the succeeding spot. In (b), because the pass was still in flight when B1 contacted A1, it was pass interference even though it is obvious the pass was overthrown. The penalty is 15 yards from the previous spot. If the pass had been touched by a teammate of A1, prior to the -contact by B1, the result would be a personal foul by B1, because A1 was obviously out of the play. (7-5-10a)

9.4.3 SITUATION G: With second down and five yards to go from B’s 30-yard line, A1 throws a pass to eligible A2. Following the reception, A2 inadvertently grasps B1’s face mask/helmet opening, chin strap or attached tooth and mouth protector at B’s 15-yard line as B1 attempts to tackle A2 who scores a touchdown. RULING: If B accepts the penalty for the inadvertent grasping of the face mask/ helmet opening, chin strap or attached tooth and mouth protector by A2, the score is nullified. Following the penalty enforcement, it will be A’s ball first and 10 at B’s 20-yard line.

9.4.3 SITUATION H: A1 is tackled by B1 who: (a) grasps A1’s face mask/helmet opening, chin strap or attached tooth and mouth protector momentarily and lets go; (b) has his hand brush across A1’s face mask; (c) pulls A1 to the ground by grasping A1’s face mask/helmet opening, chin strap or attached tooth and mouth protector. RULING: There is no penalty in (b). There is a five-yard penalty in (a) and a 15-yard penalty in (c). 9

.4.3 SITUATION I: As B1 attempts to tackle A1 he: (a) grasps A1’s face mask/ helmet opening, chin strap or attached tooth and mouth protector which turns the head of A1; or (b) grasps A1’s face mask/helmet opening, chin strap or attached tooth and mouth protector and immediately releases it without twisting, turning, or pulling. RULING: It is a personal foul in (a) that results in a 15-yard penalty from the end of the run. In (b) B will be assessed a 5-yard penalty from the end of the run because of the incidental face mask.

9.4.3 SITUATION J: As B5 attempts to tackle A6, he has his hand on the helmet but does not have his fingers in the face mask or inside the helmet. RULING: No foul as B5 did not grasp the face mask/helmet opening or attached tooth and mouth protector.

9.4.3 SITUATION K: With first and 10 from A’s 5-yard line, A1 drops back into his end zone, where he is tackled by the face mask/helmet opening and fumbles. The ball rolls out of bounds at A’s 3-yard line. RULING: The fumble by A is a loose-ball play behind the neutral zone which would be enforced from the previous spot. Following penalty administration, it will be A’s ball, first and 10, at A’s 20-yard line.

ILLEGAL HELMET CONTACT/CONTACT AGAINST DEFENSELESS PLAYERS

9.4.3 SITUATION L: During a running play, A1 breaks into the secondary. Safe- ty B1 comes up quickly and drives his face mask or helmet directly into the chest of A1. B1 simultaneously wraps his arms around A1 bringing him to the ground. RULING: This is a face-tackling foul by B1. (2-20)

ILLEGAL HORSE-COLLAR 9

9.4.3 SITUATION M: A1 is running in the open field and B1 grabs A1’s shoulder pad opening from behind and: (a) pulls A1 down abruptly; (b) pulls A1 down to the ground from the side; (c) rides A1 for several yards before pulling A1 back- wards to the ground; or (d) rides A1 for several yards before A1 falls forward. RULING: Illegal horse-collar foul in (a), (b) and (c), legal in (d).

9.4.3 SITUATION N: A1 is running in the open field and B1 grabs A1’s shoulder pad opening from behind and pulls and: (a) A1 does not go down from the contact; (b) B2 comes in and tackles A1 while still in B1’s grasp; or (c) A1 runs four more yards before being pulled down. RULING: Legal in (a) and (b); illegal horse-collar foul in (c) because runner subsequently went down because of the horse-collar foul.

9.4.3 SITUATION O: A1 is running in the free blocking zone and (a) B1 grabs A1’s jersey collar opening from behind and pulls him down; (b) B1 grabs the front of A1’s jersey collar opening and pulls him down; (c) B1 grabs A1’s jersey at the top of the shoulder area and pulls him down. RULING: Illegal horse-collar foul in (a); legal in (b) and (c).

9.4.3 SITUATION P: A1 is carrying the ball when B1 grabs him by the back or side of the collar of the shoulder pads (or jersey) or grabs the jersey directly below the back collar in the name plate area. A1 then: (a) fumbles the ball and is subsequently brought to the ground by B1; (b) crosses the goal line to score a touchdown and is then brought down by B1; or (c) crosses the sideline and is then brought down by B1. RULING: In (a), (b) and (c), a horse-collar foul should be called.

9.4.3 SITUATION Q: A has possession, 3rd and 10 from the A10. A25 is running in the open field and B1 uses an illegal horse collar to bring him down (a) at the 50 after he was grabbed by the collar at the A45; or (b) at the A25 after he was initially grabbed by the collar at the A30 but the runner had retreated on his own to the A25; or (c) on B’s 4 yard line and A25 drags B1 into B’s end zone. RULING: Each of these plays are running plays, so the foul is enforced from the end of the run. In (a) it will be enforced from the 50, making it first and 10 for A at the B35; in (b) the foul is enforced from the A25, making it first and 10 for A at the A40; in (c) the touchdown is scored and A has the option of enforcing the foul on the try or the subsequent kickoff.

9.4.3 SITUATION R: A has possession 4th and 8 from the B40. A1 advances 7 yards where B1 grabs him and commits an illegal horse collar foul. The jersey/ collar is grabbed one yard inbounds and B1 pulls him down a) inbounds at the B33 or 2) just out of bounds with A1 crossing the sideline at the B33. RULING: In both (a) and (b), the penalty for illegal horse collar is penalized from the end of the run and A is award a new series as the horse collar foul is to be enforced as a live ball foul, it will be first and 10 for A at the B18.

HELMET COMPLETELY OFF

9.4.3 SITUATION S: A1 is engaged with B1 in close line play. A1’s helmet comes completely off as the play goes in another direction. He is beginning to put his helmet back on when B2 hits him from the side knocking him to the ground. RULING: B2 has committed a personal foul for contacting a player whose helmet has come completely off. However, since A1’s helmet came off prior to the con- tact and the helmet coming off was not due to a foul by B, A1 must sit out the next play. (9-4-3l, 3-5-10d)

9.4.3 SITUATION T: B54’s helmet comes completely off during an attempt to tackle A32. A32 drags B54 for a few yards, and A76, in an attempt to keep A32 from being tackled, blocks B54. RULING: A76 contacted a helmetless player, therefore, illegal personal contact has occurred and a personal foul shall be called. B54 must leave the field for at least one play. (3-5-10d, 9-4-3l, 9-6-4g)

9.4.3 SITUATION U: B54’s helmet comes completely off during an attempt to tackle A32. After disengaging, B54 puts his helmet back on, then resumes his pursuit of runner A32. B54 is then blocked by A76. RULING: B54 has committed illegal participation by continuing to play after his helmet came completely off. A76 has not fouled. B54 must leave the field for at least one play. (3-5-10d, 9-4-3l, 9-6-4g)

TARGETING

9.4.3 SITUATION V: Defensive back B1 sees receiver A1 running a crossing route while A2 is taking the under route. As they near each other, B1 takes aim at A1 and: (a) makes contact to A1 above the shoulders with the shoulder pads of B1; (b) makes contact to A1 above the shoulders with the helmet of B1; (c) misses A1 but makes contact with A2 above the shoulders with the shoulder pads of B1; or (d) misses A1 but makes contact with A2 above the shoulders with the helmet of B1. RULING: In (a) and (c), B1 has committed a foul for targeting; in (b) and (d), B1 has committed both a targeting foul and a foul for illegal helmet contact. In (b) and (d), the targeting foul should be reported and enforced. COMMENT: It is critical that all game officials in a game be aware of the actions of the players who may not be near the football. In addition to potentially being considered defenseless and needing additional protection, even those players directly involved in the play may not be targeted for contact above the shoulders. (2-20-2, 9-4-3m)

BLINDSIDE BLOCK

9.4.3 SITUATION W: A1 is in possession of the ball in the backfield running parallel to the line of scrimmage with B1 trailing attempting to make a tackle. A2 executes a blindside block with forcible contact against B1 that is not otherwise excessive or unnecessary with: (a) open hands; or (b) leading with the forearms and shoulders against B1, while: (c) inside the free-blocking zone; or (d) outside of the free-blocking zone. RULING: In (a), this is a legal block regardless of where the ball is located. In (b), the block would be legal if executed in (c), inside the free-blocking zone, but illegal if executed in (d), outside of the free-blocking zone. (2-3-10)

9.4.3 SITUATION X: R1 is running downfield with a punt return when R2 exe- cutes a blindside block against K1: (a) in the immediate vicinity of R1; or (b) five yards behind R1. RULING: In (a), the game official must determine if the block is executed with forcible contact and if so, it must be made with open hands and not viewed as excessive or unnecessary. In (b), the block must be executed with open hands and not viewed as excessive or unnecessary in order to be legal. (2-3-10)

ART. 4 . . . Roughing the passer. Defensive players must make a definite effort to avoid charging into a passer, who has thrown the ball from in or behind the neutral zone, after it is clear the ball has been thrown. No defensive player shall commit any illegal personal contact foul listed in 9-4-3 against the passer.

ROUGHING THE PASSER – OR NOT

9.4.4 SITUATION A: A1 rolls out on a run-pass option. (a) A1 passes from behind the neutral zone and is subsequently contacted by B1 who could have avoided the contact, but renewed his charge after the pass; or (b) A1 is 2 yards beyond the neutral zone when he passes and B1 continues his charge and contacts him. RULING: It is roughing the passer in (a), but cannot be roughing the passer in (b). However, in (b), though A1 lost his protection as a passer when he passed from beyond the neutral zone the contact could still be judged by the game official to be a personal foul.

9.4.4 SITUATION B: From A’s 40-yard line, passer A1 is roughed by B1 and the pass is completed: (a) to A2 who is downed on A’s 47-yard line; or (b) behind the neutral zone to A2 who is downed on A’s 38; or (c) completed to A2 behind the neutral zone and his fumble at A’s 35 goes directly out of bounds. RULING: In (a), the roughing penalty is enforced from the 47-yard line and results in a first down for A at B’s 38. In (b) and (c), if the penalty is accepted, enforcement is from the previous spot resulting in a first down for A from B’s 45-yard line.

9.4.4 SITUATION C: B1 is attempting to tackle the passer when: (a) B1 lunges at the passer and commits an illegal helmet contact foul by hitting the passer with his helmet; (b) B1 grasps the passer’s face mask attempting to complete the tackle; or (c) as the ball is being released, B1 grabs the passer by the inside back or side collar of the shoulder pads and brings him to the ground. In (a), (b) and (c), the pass is thrown toward A2. RULING: In (a), (b) and (c), an illegal personal contact foul has occurred, and roughing the passer has occurred. The referee shall ensure that the designated representative of Team A is aware of all penalty options as roughing the passer also carries an automatic first down.

ART. 5 . . . Running into or roughing the kicker or holder. A defensive player shall neither run into the kicker nor holder, which is contact that displaces the kicker or holder without roughing; nor block, tackle or charge into the kicker of a scrimmage kick, or the place-kick holder, other than when:

Contact is unavoidable because it is not reasonably certain that a kick will be made.
The defense touches the kick near the kicker and contact is unavoidable.
Contact is slight and is partially caused by movement of the kicker.
Contact is caused by R being blocked into the kicker or holder by K.

ROUGHING THE KICKER/HOLDER – OR NOT

9.4.5 SITUATION A: K1 punts and R1 touches and partially blocks the kick. R2 does not touch the ball, but firmly contacts K1. RULING: If R1 partially blocked the kick near the kicker/holder and R2 was near the kicker/holder at the time R1 touched the ball and R2 had already started his charge at the time the kick was touched, there would be no foul as a result of the contact by R2, unless it was unnecessarily rough. COMMENT: The defense is responsible to avoid the kicker/holder whenever possible. In any situation, if the defense is to be excused for contacting the kicker/ holder as a result of touching the kick, the ball must be touched near the spot of the kick. A defensive player may not, even after the kick has been touched, stop and then renew his charge into the kicker/holder, nor may he change his direction and charge into the kicker/holder after the ball is touched. Touching the kicked ball is, in itself, not license to charge the kicker/holder. The defensive player will not be penal- ized if he has made an honest endeavor to block the kick and has either succeeded, or so nearly succeeded that he touched the ball and in so doing finds himself in a position where he cannot avoid contacting the kicker/holder as a result of his effort. The rule does not specify that only the player who touches the kick is excused from contacting the kicker/holder, rather it states, “when the defense touches…” (9-4-5b)

9.4.5 SITUATION B: K1 in scrimmage-kick formation, muffs the snap, but quickly recovers and begins to run. However, K1 changes his mind and: (a) punts on the run; or (b) abruptly stops and punts. R1 is unable to stop his charge and forcibly contacts K1. R1 did not touch the kick. RULING: No foul in either (a) or (b) because it was not reasonably certain K1 was going to punt the ball. COMMENT: It is always roughing the kicker if the contact could have been avoided regardless of whether or not it was apparent a kick would be made. Only unavoidable contact is ignored if it is not reasonably certain a kick will be made.

9.4.5 SITUATION C: R1, in an effort to block a place kick, charges through blocker K1 and without touching the ball, charges into the kicker/holder. RULING: The covering official must determine whether R1’s charge would have taken him into the kicker/holder, regardless of the contact by the blocker. It is only when K1’s block alters the course of R1’s path and thus causes the contact with the kicker/ holder that R1’s contact is ignored and does not result in a foul.

9.4.5 SITUATION D: K11 is in scrimmage-kick formation. After the kick is away, R10 is unable to stop his attempt to block the kick and R10 displaces the kicker/ holder. RULING: The referee judges the infraction to be running into the kicker/ holder. The penalty, if accepted, is 5 yards from the previous spot and a replay of the down.

9.4.5 SITUATION E: K10, the place kick holder, is contacted forcibly by R9, clearly after the kick is away. RULING: Roughing the kicker/holder is a personal foul. The penalty would be 15 yards and an automatic first down, if accepted.

9.4.5 SITUATION F: As R2 rushes punter K11 he: (a) brushes K11 who maintains his balance; (b) bumps K11 causing him to fall backwards or (c) runs over K11 knocking him to the ground. RULING: In (a), no penalty; (b) running into the kicker/holder, 5-yard penalty and replay the down; (c) roughing the kicker/holder, personal foul, 15-yard penalty and an automatic first down.

9.4.5 SITUATION G: A11 is in scrimmage-kick formation. After taking the snap and attempting to kick the ball, he misjudges the distance and misses the ball. A11 is then contacted by B1 before he can regain his balance. B2 recovers the ball. RULING: Unless B1’s contact is viewed as unnecessary roughness, there is no foul as A11 never became a kicker.

ART. 6 . . . Roughing the snapper. A defensive player shall not charge directly into the snapper when the offensive team is in a scrimmage-kick formation.

ROUGHING THE SNAPPER

9.4.6 SITUATION A: From a scrimmage-kick formation, A1 snaps the ball to up- back A2 who is 3 yards behind the line and offset from the snapper by 1 yard. A2 runs for a 10-yard gain. Immediately after the snap started, B7 charges: (a) directly into the snapper; or (b) into the gap between the snapper and the adjacent A player making simultaneous contact with both the snapper and the other Team A player. The snapper had not had the opportunity to defend himself and was displaced by B7’s charge. RULING: In (a), B7 has roughed the snapper. If accepted, the loose ball foul is enforced with a 15-yard penalty from the previous spot and an automatic first down. There is no requirement that the ball be kicked or that a deep back receive the snap. In (b), there is no foul. The snapper’s protection does not include simultaneous contact with another A player, nor does it take away the “center-guard gap” from B. The roughing prohibition is only for a direct charge into the snapper. (2-32-14)

9.4.6 SITUATION B: K is in scrimmage-kick formation on fourth and 17 from its own 20-yard line. Immediately following the snap, R1 charges directly into snapper A1. The kick is caught by R2 and he is downed on 40. RULING: R1 has roughed the snapper. In addition to the yardage, the penalty also includes an automatic first down. Following enforcement, it is K’s ball first and 10 from its own 35-yard line.

9.4.6 SITUATION C: A is in a scrimmage-kick formation with punter A2 standing twelve yards deep and four yards to the right of the snapper. The wind is blowing very strong and will probably move the ball to the right after it is snapped. Is the snapper afforded protection in this case? RULING: Yes, because the punter is in position to receive the snap.

9.4.6 SITUATION D: A1 is lined up in a shotgun formation (5 yards behind the neutral zone) in position to take the snap and A4 is lined up at wingback and is 7 yards behind the neutral zone. Is this a scrimmage-kick formation? RULING: No. A1 would have to be 10 yards or more behind the neutral zone on fourth down, or must meet the criteria in Rule 2-14-2a, in order to have a scrimmage-kick formation.

ART. 7 . . . No defensive player may use the hand(s) to slap the blocker’s head.

SLAP TO HEAD

9.4.7 SITUATION A: Wide receiver A9 goes down field 10 yards and starts to block B10. B10 slaps A9 on the side of the helmet in an effort to avoid the block. RULING: Illegal personal contact. The 15-yard penalty is administered from the basic spot defined in Rule 10-4. Disqualification also if the foul is judged by the game official to be flagrant. (10-4)

9.4.7 SITUATION B: In an attempt to tackle the quarterback, B1 (a) contacts offensive blocker A1 with an open hand on the head or (b) strikes A1 with a closed fist. RULING: In (a), 15-yard penalty from the end of the run. In (b), B1 is disqualified for fighting.

9.4.7 SITUATION C: It is third and five from B’s 40-yard line. On the snap, B1 slaps offensive guard A1 on the helmet. The quarterback then hands off to A2, who is tackled at B’s 20-yard line. RULING: Illegal personal contact foul on B1. First and 10 from B’s 10-yard line.

ART. 8 . . . Unintentional contact between a nonplayer and a game official in the restricted area while the ball is live.

UNINTENTIONAL CONTACT

9.4.8 SITUATION A: Third and five for A on B’s 30-yard line when B1 intercepts A1’s pass at B’s 15-yard line. B1 returns the interception along A’s sideline and is downed on A’s 40-yard line. During B1’s run, the head linesman unintentionally runs into: (a) a cameraman between the restraining line and sideline at B’s 20-yard line; (b) A’s assistant coach in the restricted area at B’s 45-yard line; or (c) A’s head coach on the field of play at the 50-yard line. RULING: No foul in (a), but the game administrator must ensure the area between the playing field and the re- straining line is clear of all non-authorized personnel. In (b) and (c) A’s head coach is assessed a 15-yard non-player, illegal personal contact penalty at the succeeding spot. A second offense would result in a disqualification of the head coach.

9.4.8 SITUATION B: A1 throws a forward pass that is intercepted by B1 on B’s 30-yard line and returned 70 yards along the B sideline for a B touchdown. During B1’s run, the covering official is forced to change his course to run around an assistant team B coach who is in B’s restricted area. The covering official drops his flag near B’s restricted area. Later during the return, B12, a nonplayer, leaves the team box and runs alongside (yet out of bounds) B1 all the way to the goal line. B12 never enters the field of play during the down. The referee flags B12 for a nonplayer foul. RULING: Team B has committed two separate nonplayer fouls during this play, which cannot be combined to create a multiple foul. Team B’s assistant coach has committed a violation of 9-8-3 for being in the restricted area while the ball is live while B12 has violated 9-8-1k and 9-8-3 by being outside his team box. Both fouls are administered. The first foul results in a sideline warning. The second violation is a 5-yard sideline interference foul for which the offended team may take the penalty on the try or the subsequent kickoff. (8-2-4, 9-8-1k, 9-8-3, 10-2-4, 10-2-5)

PENALTY:
Arts. 1, 2, 3j – Fighting, intentionally contacting a game official, striking, kicking or kneeing – (S38-47) – 15 yards and disqualification. If a coach is the offender in Article 2, see 9-8 Penalty for disqualification procedure;
Arts. 3a through g, l – Other personal fouls – (S38) – 15 yards;
Art. 3h – incidental grasping the face mask, helmet opening, chin strap or tooth and mouth protector – (S45) – 5 yards;
Art. 3h – grasping and twisting, turning or pulling the face mask, helmet opening, chin strap or tooth and mouth protector – (S38-45) – 15 yards;
Art. 3i – illegal helmet contact – (S38-24) – 15 yards;
Art. 3k – illegal horse-col- lar – (S38-25) – 15 yards;
Art. 3m – targeting an opponent – (S38-24) – 15 yards;
Art. 3n – illegal blindside block – (S38-26) – 15 yards;
Art. 3o – illegal tripping – (S38-46) – 15 yards;
Art. 4 – roughing the passer – (S38-34-8) – 15 yards and a first down from the dead ball spot when the dead ball spot is beyond the neutral zone and A has possession of the ball at the end of the down and there has been no change of team possession and the foul is not for an incidental face mask as in 9-4-3h, or otherwise 15 yards and first down from previous spot;
Art. 5 – running into kicker/holder – (S30) – 5 yards from the previous spot;
Art. 5 – roughing kicker or holder – (S38-30-8) – 15 yards and first down from the previous spot;
Art. 6 – roughing snapper – (S38-8) – 15 yards and first down from the previous spot;
Art. 7 – Slap to the head – (S38) – 15 yards;
Art. 8 – Unintentional contact with a game official in the restricted area – (S38-29) – 15 yards – Nonplayer foul. For the first offense, 15 yards from the succeeding spot. For the second offense (S38-29-47) – 15 yards from the succeeding spot and disqualification of the head coach. Arts. 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7 or 8 – Disqualification also if any fouls under these articles are judged by the game official to be flagrant – (S47).

SECTION 5 NONCONTACT UNSPORTSMANLIKE CONDUCT BY PLAYERS

DISQUALIFICATION

9.5 SITUATION: During the first period, A1 is penalized 15 yards for an un- sportsmanlike foul. In the third period, A1 is in the restricted area on the sideline and receives another 15-yard penalty for an unsportsmanlike foul. RULING: A1 is disqualified. A second unsportsmanlike foul results in disqualification. The rule requires disqualification on the second unsportsmanlike foul regardless of whether it occurs when A1 is a player or a nonplayer.

ART. 1 . . . No player shall act in an unsportsmanlike manner once the game officials assume authority for the game. Examples are, but not limited to:

Baiting or taunting acts or words or insignia worn which engenders ill will.
NOTE: The NFHS disapproves of any form of taunting which is intended or designed to embarrass, ridicule or demean others under any circumstances.
Using profanity, insulting or vulgar language or gestures.
Any delayed, excessive or prolonged act by which a player attempts to focus attention upon himself.
Kicking at the ball, other than during a legal kick.
Leaving the field between downs to gain an advantage unless replaced or unless with permission of a game official.
Refusing to comply with a game official’s request.
Using alcohol or any form of tobacco product (e-cigarette or similar items).

NONCONTACT UNSPORTSMANLIKE CONDUCT

9.5.1 SITUATION A: In the process of scoring a touchdown, A1: (a) holds and waves the ball overhead the last 10 yards; or (b) after crossing the goal line, he momentarily raises the ball overhead, but then quickly drops it to the ground. RULING: Unsportsmanlike conduct in (a), but no foul in (b).

9.5.1 SITUATION B: B1 intercepts A1’s pass and returns it 95 yards for the go-ahead score. After entering the end zone, B1 (a) does a series of back flips, or (b) runs toward his team box, then stops and struts back and forth in front of his team’s fans. RULING: An unsportsmanlike foul in both (a) and (b), penalized from the succeeding spot. The touchdown stands.

ART. 2 . . . When the ball becomes dead in possession of a player, he shall not:

Intentionally kick the ball.
Spike the ball into the ground.
Throw the ball high into the air or from the field of play or end zone.
Intentionally fail to place the ball on the ground or immediately return it to a nearby game official.

NONCONTACT UNSPORTSMANLIKE CONDUCT

9.5.2 SITUATION: After A1 carries the ball into B’s end zone, he: (a) throws the ball into the bleachers; or (b) kicks the ball from the field; or (c) spikes the ball to the ground with force; or (d) is knocked down by B1 clearly after the ball is dead. RULING: Unsportsmanlike conduct foul in (a), (b) and (c), the touchdown counts and A will be penalized 15 yards on the try or on the subsequent kickoff. In (d), B1’s contact foul will be penalized on the try to the 1½-yard line or on the subsequent kickoff. If judged by the game official to be flagrant, B1 could be dis- qualified. (9-4-2b; 9-5-2a, b, c; 10-4-5a)

PENALTY:
Arts. 1, 2 – Unsportsmanlike conduct – (S27) 15 yards. If dead ball, (S7-27) – 15 yards. Also disqualification if judged by the game official to be flagrant – (S47). In Article 1a, the player must remove the offending item before he is allowed to participate. The second unsportsmanlike foul results in disqualification.

SECTION 6 ILLEGAL PARTICIPATION

ILLEGAL PARTICIPATION

9.6 COMMENT: A procedure has been adopted to provide an equitable penalty as it relates to illegal participation. The following are examples of the most com- mon situations and rulings:

If there are more than 11 players in the formation at the snap, either offensively or defensively, the foul is considered as having occurred simultaneously with the snap and is illegal participation. The 15-yard penalty is enforced from the previous spot. (9-6-4c)
If a substitute enters the field during the down and participates, it is illegal participation and enforced from the basic spot defined in Rule 10-4 unless post-scrimmage kick enforcement applies. The spot of the foul is where the substitute participated, not necessarily where he entered the field. (9- 6-4a, 10-4)
If a nonplayer hinders an opponent outside the field of play, it constitutes illegal participation. The spot of the foul is on the yard line directly inbounds. (9-6-3)
Prior to a change of possession or when there is no change of possession, a player of A or K who goes out of bounds and then comes back in during the down commits illegal participation. (9-6-1) In addition, the following chart should help game officials distinguish the actions of various team members who enter the field during the down and participate.

Play Situation (team member participates)
Nonplayer enters during down	9-6-4a	15 yards	Basic spot (nonplayer, unless post-scrimmage kick enforcement applies)
Substitute enters during down	9-6-4a	15 yards	Basic spot
Player enters during down after being on field of play or previous down	9–4a	15 yards	Basic spot
Player who should have been on field of play enters during down (11th or fewer player)	9-6-4a	15 yard	Basic spot

ART. 1 . . . Prior to a change of possession, or when there is no change of possession, no player of A or K shall go out of bounds and return to the field during the down unless blocked out of bounds by an opponent. If a player is blocked out of bounds by an opponent and returns to the field during the down, he shall return at the first opportunity.

ILLEGAL PARTICIPATION

9.6.1 SITUATION A: With third down and 20 from B’s 40-yard line, A1 accidentally steps out of bounds at B’s 30 while running a sideline pattern. A1 returns inbounds at the 28. Quarterback A2’s forward pass is: (a) overthrown and incomplete; or (b) caught by A1 at B’s 25; or (c) in flight to A1 when B1 contacts him and it falls incomplete. RULING: In (a) and (b), it is illegal participation by A1. In (c), A1’s illegal participation and B1’s pass interference result in a double foul and replay of the down. COMMENT: When A1 goes out of bounds voluntarily or by accident, or delays his return after being blocked out by an opponent, he commits an illegal participation foul when he returns inbounds. The spot of the foul is where he returns inbounds. (10-2-1)

9.6.1 SITUATION B: Third and 10 from B’s 40-yard line. A1’s forward pass is intercepted by B1 on B’s 20 and returned to midfield. End A2 accidentally steps on the sideline at B’s 30: (a) before, or (b) after the interception. In both cases A2 re- turns inbounds at B’s 25, but does not make any attempt to catch the ball or tackle B1. RULING: In (a), it is an illegal participation foul at B’s 25 because A2 returned after being out of bounds prior to the interception. No foul in (b) because A2 did not go out of bounds until after the change of possession with the interception by B1.

9.6.1 SITUATION C: With fourth and 15 on K’s 30-yard line, K1 accidentally steps on the sideline while K2’s punt is in the air. K1 returns inbounds at midfield: (a) before, or (b) after R1 catches the ball and makes the tackle on R’s 40. RULING: Since K1 went out of bounds before the change of possession, it is an illegal participation foul in both (a) and (b) when he returns inbounds. In (a), if accepted, R may elect enforcement from the previous spot as the foul occurred during a loose ball play or from the succeeding spot. In (b), since the foul occurred during R1’s run, the 15-yard penalty is enforced from the end of R1’s run. (10-4-2 EXCEPTION)

9.6.1 SITUATION D: Fourth and 15 on K’s 30-yard line. R1 enters the game as the 12th player while K1’s punt is in the air. R2 catches the punt at the R35 and returns to the R42 before being tackled. RULING: This is an illegal participation foul against R1. If accepted, the penalty is enforced from the post-scrimmage kick spot (R35) and results in first and 10 for R after enforcement.

9.6.1 SITUATION E: Between second and third downs, Team A’s head coach sends several substitutes into the game. A11, believing that he has been replaced, leaves the field and goes directly to his team’s box. Realizing that his position has not been substituted for, A11 enters the field as the ball is being snapped, runs a pass pattern, and catches the ball for a first down. RULING: This is illegal participation and is marked off 15 yards from the basic spot.

ART. 2 . . . No player shall intentionally go out of bounds during the down and:

Return to the field;
Intentionally touch the ball;
Influence the play; or
Otherwise participate.

ILLEGAL PARTICIPATION

9.6.2 SITUATION A: A2 is running a pass pattern in the end zone and touches the end line or beyond and leaps and taps A1’s legal forward pass to A3 in the end zone who catches that pass. A2 then lands inbounds following the tap of the ball. RULING: Incomplete pass. A2 is considered out of bounds until any body part is touching inbounds while no body part touches out of bounds. In addition, if A2 went out of bounds voluntarily, he is guilty of illegal participation. (2-29-1, 7-5-4)

9.6.2 SITUATION B: Linebacker B1 runs out of bounds while the ball is live. As runner A2 advances past B1, B1 reaches inbounds and tackles A2. RULING: Illegal participation as B1 remains out of bounds until any body part is touching inbounds, and no body part is touching out of bounds. (2-29-1)

9.6.2 SITUATION C: K1 free-kicks the ball toward the sideline. R1 runs to a sideline and intentionally steps out of bounds. While R1 is still out of bounds, he intentionally touches the ball as it nears the sideline. The ball is declared dead by the covering official. RULING: Illegal participation by R1 as R1 remains out of bounds until any body part is touching inbounds, and no body part is touching out of bounds. (2-29-1, 4-3-1, 6-1-9)

ART. 3 . . . No replaced player, substitute, coach, athletic trainer or other attendant shall hinder an opponent, touch the ball, influence the play or otherwise participate.

ART. 4 . . . It is illegal participation:

When any player, replaced player, substitute, coach, athletic trainer or other attendant enters and participates during a down.
If an injured player is not replaced for at least one down; unless the halftime intermission or overtime intermission occurs.
To have 12 or more players participating at the snap or free kick.
To use a player, replaced player, substitute, coach, athletic trainer or other attendant in a substitution or pretended substitution to deceive opponents at or immediately before the snap or free kick.
For a player to be lying on the ground to deceive opponents at or immediately before the snap or free kick.
For a disqualified player to re-enter the game.
For a player whose helmet comes completely off during a down to continue to participate beyond the immediate action in which the player is engaged.

ILLEGAL PARTICIPATION

9.6.4 SITUATION A: Several A substitutes enter the field between downs and go to the team’s huddle, but one replaced player does not leave within three seconds and is not detected. However, when they break the huddle the replaced player runs toward his sideline and leaves the field just before the ball is snapped. RULING: An illegal participation foul if the covering official judges that A was using a replaced player or substitute in a substitution or pretended substitution to deceive the opponents. If not, it is illegal substitution. COMMENT: It is becoming prevalent to see more than 11 players/replaced players in a team’s huddle or in the defensive formation between downs. The replaced player is to leave the field within three seconds and in such a manner that it does not confuse or deceive the opponents. (3-7-1)

9.6.4 SITUATION B: Following a kickoff return, A1 and A2 enter the field while A3, A4 and A5 move toward the sideline. A5 stops within the 9-yard marks while A3 and A4 continue toward the team box. The ball is blown ready for play with A3 and A4 outside the 9-yard marks and is snapped without a huddle and the quarterback throws a forward pass to A4, who has gone downfield as a wide receiver. RULING: This play is illegal because a pretended substitution is used to deceive the opponents. The penalty of 15 yards for the illegal participation foul will be administered from the previous spot since the foul occurred at the snap. (9-6-4d)

9.6.4 SITUATION C: With third and 10 from B’s 30-yard line, A1 runs to B’s 18- yard line where he is tackled. During the down: substitute A12 comes onto the field and blocks B1. RULING: A12 is guilty of illegal participation. (2-16-2, 2-32, 2-41-8)

9.6.4 SITUATION D: A1 is injured and is treated on the field. A subsequently requests a time-out. During the next down, A1 runs 20 yards for the go-ahead score. Following the score, B requests a time-out so the coach may discuss A1’s participation with the referee. RULING: A rule obviously has not been correctly applied as A1 must leave the game for at least one down following his injury. The touchdown is canceled and a penalty for illegal participation is enforced. A1 must leave the game for at least one down. (3-5-10)

9.6.4 SITUATION E: With third down and 12 yards to go from A’s 45-yard line, quarterback A1 throws a pass to A2 at B’s 45-yard line. Teammate A12 moves to get a better view of the play and enters the field of play at B’s 40-yard line. During the run after the reception, (a) A2 collides with A12 and is thereafter tackled by B1; or (b) B1 slows to avoid A12 as A1 runs for a touchdown. RULING: Illegal participation in (a) and (b). The penalty of 15 yards is enforced from the basic spot defined in Rule 10-4. Illegal participation occurs since substitute A12 hindered a teammate or an opponent and participated in the play. The spot of the foul is where the participation occurred, not where A12 entered the field. (2-30, 9-6-4a, 10-4)

9.6.4 SITUATION F: A1 is engaged with B1 in close line play. A1’s helmet comes completely off as the play goes downfield without being caused by a foul by any member of B. A1, without his helmet, pursues the play downfield and (a) does or (b) doesn’t make contact with a blocker. RULING: Illegal participation in both (a) and (b). Once the player’s helmet comes completely off, he is to cease involvement with the play. He must also be removed for the next play if the helmet coming off was not caused by an opponent’s foul. (9-6-4, 3-5-10d)

9.6.4 SITUATION G: B54’s helmet comes completely off during an attempt to tackle A32. Without losing contact, A32 drags B54 for a few yards before finally going down to the ground. RULING: Legal play by B54 because he is still engaged in the “immediate action” of attempting to tackle A32. After the play is over, B54 must leave the field for at least one play. (3-5-10d, 9-6-4g)

9.6.4 SITUATION H: B54’s helmet comes completely off during an attempt to tackle A32. A32 fumbles the ball, and B54: (a) without disengaging, completes his tackle of A32 who recovers the fumble; (b) without disengaging, completes his tackle of A32, and upon contacting the ground, recovers the ball that has fallen directly below him; (c) disengages immediately from A32 and tries to recover the fumble that has rolled away from the two players; or (d) after tackling A32, then attempts to recover the fumble. RULING: Legal in (a). In (b), recovery is legal pro- vided all contact was in the immediate area. In (c) and (d), it is illegal participation. In all cases, B54 must leave the field for at least one play. (3-5-10d, 9-6-4g)

PENALTY:
Arts. 1, 2, 3, 4a, g – Illegal participation – (S28) – 15 yards, live- ball, basic spot;
Arts. 4b-f – Illegal participation (S28) – 15 yards, live-ball, previous spot.

SECTION 7 ILLEGAL KICKING AND BATTING

ART. 1 . . . No player shall intentionally kick the ball other than as a free or scrimmage kick.

ILLEGAL BATTING, KICKING AND EXCEPTION

9.7.1 SITUATION A: On a field-goal attempt, holder A2 muffs the snap and is attempting to gain possession of the ball on the ground when A1 kicks it between the uprights over the crossbar. RULING: An illegal kick by A1. If the penalty is declined, the result of the play is a touchback as the illegal kick cannot score a field goal. (2-24-7)

9.7.1 SITUATION B: It is fourth and 10 for A from its own 15-yard line. A1 fakes a kick and runs beyond the neutral zone and kicks the ball at the 20. The kicked ball: (a) is caught by A2 at A’s 30 and he is downed there; or (b) goes out of bounds at midfield; or (c) comes to rest on A’s 45 and no player of either team will touch it, so the covering official sounds his whistle. RULING: The kick is illegal and the resulting loose ball is treated as a fumble. The normal kicking rules and restrictions are not in effect during an illegal kick. In (a), (b) and (c), if the penalty for the illegal kick is declined, it will be A’s ball first and 10 from the yard line where the ball became dead. If the distance penalty is accepted, the penalty is enforced from the spot of the illegal kick. [2-24-9, 2-33, 4-2-2e(2), 6-2-1]

9.7.1 SITUATION C: A is in scrimmage-kick formation and the ball is snapped to A1 who is the potential punter. (a) A1 muffs the ball allowing it to hit the ground where he kicks it; or (b) A1 muffs the ball, but then picks it up and punts it. RULING: Illegal kicking in (a). If the distance penalty is accepted, the penalty is enforced from the spot of the illegal kick. It is a legal kick in (b). (2-24-4, 2-24-8, 2-33-1c, 10-3-1c, 10-4-2 EXCEPTION)

ART. 2 . . . No player shall bat a loose ball other than a pass or a fumble in flight, or a low scrimmage kick in flight which he is attempting to block in or behind the expanded neutral zone.
EXCEPTION: A K player may bat toward his own goal line a grounded scrimmage kick which is beyond the neutral zone and may also bat toward his own goal line a scrimmage kick in flight beyond the neutral zone, if no R player is in position to catch the ball.

ILLEGAL BATTING, KICKING AND EXCEPTION

9.7.2 SITUATION A: With fourth and 4 from R’s 40-yard line, K1 punts. The kick is bounding near R’s goal line and K2, in an attempt to keep it from penetrating the plane of the goal line, bats the ball at the 2-yard line back toward his own goal line. In (a) it is recovered by R1 who advances to his 30; or (b) it is recovered by R2 who attempts to advance, but retreats and is downed in his own end zone. RULING: The bat by K2 is legal because it occurred beyond the neutral zone. In (a) R would obviously take the results of the play and put the ball in play first and 10 from its 30. In (b) since the result of the play is a safety, R would take the ball at the 2, which is the spot of first touching where K2 legally batted the kick. (6-2-5, 8-5-2a, 9-7-2 EXCEPTION)

9.7.2 SITUATION B: K1’s punt is coming down over R’s 10-yard line and: (a) R3 is in position to catch the ball; or (b) no R player is in position to catch the ball, when K2 bats the ball toward his own goal line while it is in flight, but the batted ball subsequently goes into R’s end zone. RULING: In (a), it is a foul for kick-catching interference by K2 as well as first touching, and R may choose to take the result of the play, which is a touchback, or take an awarded fair catch at R’s 25-yard line (15 yards in advance of the spot of interference after enforcement of the penalty) or the ball at the spot of first touching at the 10-yard line, or penalize K 15 yards from the previous spot and replay the down. In (b), there is no foul and the result of the play is a touchback. R will put the ball in play first and 10 from its own 20-yard line. (6-5-6 EXCEPTION, 8-5-3, 9-7-2 EXCEPTION)

ART. 3 . . . Any pass in flight may be batted in any direction, by an eligible receiver unless it is a backward pass batted forward by the passing team.

ILLEGAL BATTING, KICKING AND EXCEPTION

9.7.3 SITUATION: A is in punt formation and the ball is snapped to A1, who turns his back to the line of scrimmage and throws a backward pass into the air. A2 comes forward and bats the ball 20 yards downfield where: (a) A3 recovers it 5 yards beyond the line to gain; or (b) it is caught by A4 who advances for an additional 5 yards; or (c) it goes out of bounds in advance of the line to gain; or (d) B1 intercepts and returns it for an apparent touchdown. RULING: In (a), (b), (c) and (d), the batting by A2 is illegal. In (a), (b) and (c), it will be B’s advantage to accept the distance penalty which will be administered from the spot of the foul because the batting occurred during the loose-ball play and behind the basic spot. In (d), because the foul was during a loose-ball play, before a change of posses- sion, B may keep the touchdown by declining the penalty for A’s foul. Otherwise, the penalty will be enforced from the spot of the foul and A will retain possession of the ball if B accepts the penalty. (10-5-3)

ART. 4 . . . A ball in player possession shall not be batted forward by a player of the team in possession.

ILLEGAL BATTING, KICKING AND EXCEPTION

9.7.4 SITUATION: On fourth and 6 from B’s 10-yard line, A1 is about to be hit short of the line to gain. While the ball is in A1’s possession, either: (a) A2; or (b) B1, bats the ball forward into B’s end zone where A3 recovers. RULING: It is an illegal bat in (a). The enforcement spot is the end of A1’s run, which is where the bat occurred. In (b) the bat is legal and results in a touchdown for A. (8-2-1)

PENALTY: Arts. 1, 2, 3, 4 – Illegal kicking or batting – (S31) – 10 yards.

SECTION 8 NONCONTACT UNSPORTSMANLIKE CONDUCT BY NONPLAYERS

ART. 1 . . . No coach, substitute, athletic trainer or other team attendant shall act in an unsportsmanlike manner once the game officials assume authority for the game. Examples are, but not limited to:

Using profanity, insulting or vulgar language or gestures.
NOTE: The NFHS disapproves of any form of taunting which is intended or designed to embarrass, ridicule or demean others under any circumstances.
Attempting to influence a decision by a game official.
Disrespectfully addressing a game official.
Indicating objections to a game official’s decision.
Using any illegal communication equipment as outlined in 1-5-3c(2) and 1-6.
Holding an unauthorized conference.
NOTE: Between downs, communications between players and coaches near the sideline are not considered conferences, as defined in 2-6.
The failure of a team to: 1
1. Comply with the restrictions of 3-2-2 at the coin toss or simulated coin toss;
2. Be ready to start the first half;
3. Be on the field following the conclusion of the halftime intermission or be ready to start the second half at the conclusion of the mandatory warm-up period.
Following pregame verification as in 1-5-4, a coach allowing his/her players to use illegal equipment. (1-5-3)
Being on the field except as a substitute or replaced player. (3-7-6, 9-6-4a)
Using alcohol or any form of tobacco product (e-cigarette or similar items).
Being outside the team box, but not on the field. (9-8-3)
A substitute leaving the team box during a fight.

CONFERENCE: COACH – PLAYER(S)

9.8.1 SITUATION A: During the course of the game, quarterback A1 runs to the vicinity of his team-box area for the purpose of receiving instructions from his coach. No time-out is requested, there is no delay in declaring the ball ready for play, and the coach does not leave the team-box. RULING: This type of communication is legal. (9-8-1f NOTE)

9.8.1 SITUATION B: During a charged time-out: (a) A1 goes to the sideline to talk to his head coach. Thereafter, A2, A3 and A4 go to the sideline, but other team members remain between the 9-yard marks; or (b) while A1 is near the sideline talking to one coach, another coach of A goes between the 9-yard marks to the huddle on the field. RULING: Legal in (a), but an unauthorized conference in (b). In (b), only one type conference can be used during a given time-out. (2-6-2)

9.8.1 SITUATION C: During a charged time-out or a time-out for heat/humidity: (a) the coach of A confers with A1 near the sideline and in front of his team box, or (b) the coach of A goes onto the field to the team huddle. The conference continues for 30 seconds. In (a), A1 then returns to the huddle and A2 comes to the sideline to confer with the coach for the remainder of the charged time-out. In (b), the coach returns to the sideline and then A1 comes to the sideline for more instructions. RULING: In (a), this is a legal conference. In (b), it is an unauthorized conference as only one type of conference may be used during a single charged time-out or other time when a conference may be held. (2-6-2)

COACHES CONDUCT AND EQUIPMENT VERIFICATION

9.8.1 SITUATION D: In the first period, the coach for Team A commits an illegal contact foul by accidentally bumping a game official while the coach was out of the team box. Team A is penalized 15 yards. In the second period, the coach of Team A is penalized 15 yards for an unsportsmanlike conduct foul for disagreeing with a foul called by one of the game officials. RULING: The first foul is for illegal personal contact and the second foul is for unsportsmanlike conduct. The penal- ties are not combined to force ejection of the head coach. (9-4-8)

9.8.1 SITUATION E: Following the second 15-yard penalty for an unsportsmanlike foul by the coach of B, the referee notifies him that he may no longer remain in the vicinity of the playing field and that he may not have any contact with his players, either direct or indirect, throughout the remainder of the game including the halftime intermission. The coach departs to the: (a) stands; or (b) press box; or (c) the team locker room. RULING: Illegal in (a) and (b). Legal in (c). In (c), if the coach has been disqualified in the first half and has gone to the locker room, he must leave the locker room if the team comes to the locker room. He may not have contact with the team during the halftime intermission. (9-8 PENALTY)

9.8.1 SITUATION F: In the first half, the head coach of A has been penalized: (a) 5 yards and then 15 yards for being outside the team box, but not on the field of play; or (b) 15 yards for being outside the team box and on the field of play. In the third period the coach is again in violation as in (a) and (b). What is the penalty and procedure? RULING: In both (a) and (b), another 15-yard unsportsmanlike penalty is assessed and the coach must be disqualified since he has now committed his second 15-yard unsportsmanlike foul. The initial 5-yard penalty in (a) for sideline interference is not counted as one of the two fouls leading to disqualification. (9-8 PENALTY)

9.8.1 SITUATION G: During the game: (a) A1 is discovered to be wearing an eyeshield which is reflective, or (b) an entering substitute of B has a dark eyeshield. RULING: In (a), the coach of A is charged with an unsportsmanlike foul and A1 must leave the game until he is legally equipped. In (b), the substitute of B will not be allowed to become a player, and he will be ordered to leave the field and not re-enter until he is legally equipped. There is no foul in (b) because the substitute did not become a player. [1-5-3c(4)]

9.8.1 SITUATION H: During the pregame inspection, the game officials note that one of the teams is wearing jerseys that do not comply with the NFHS football jersey rule by: (a) having color on sections of the white (visitor) jersey where color is restricted; (b) having white on sections of the non-white (home) jersey where white is not permitted; or (c) other illegal markings or violations of the rule. The team is unable to change jerseys prior to the start. RULING: In (a), (b) and (c), the team not in compliance is assessed an unsportsmanlike conduct foul against the head coach on the opening free kick for the team failing to wear legal equipment following verification. This is one of the two allowable unsportsmanlike fouls prior to ejection. The game officials should then report the incident to the state association for review as the state associations must ensure that this procedure is not used to circumvent the NFHS football rules. (1-5-1b)

INJURED PLAYER – CONFERENCE

9.8.1 SITUATION I: During an official’s time-out for injury, may a player(s) of either team go near the sideline to communicate with the coach? RULING: Yes. This is a period between downs. If a coach enters the field to attend the injured player, he may not confer with players. (9-8-1f NOTE)

OUTSIDE TEAM BOX – ON FIELD

9.8.1 SITUATION J: A fight breaks out between several opposing players and: (a) two substitutes from each team come onto the field; or (b) one substitute of A enters and three enter from B’s team box. RULING: In (a), the substitutes are disqualified and the penalties cancel. In (b), since all fouls are dead-ball fouls, the one 15-yard penalty on A will cancel one by B resulting in two 15-yard penalties on B. In both cases, those who were fighting will be disqualified. (2-11; 9-4-1; 10-1-1; 10-2-5a, b)

9.8.1 SITUATION K: A1 is discovered to have participated in a play with (a) a white unmarked towel hanging from his belt, which has a tacky substance on it, or (b) a piece of white unmarked plastic hanging from his belt. RULING: In both (a) and (b), the material does not meet the requirements of the rule and is illegal. Since the player was in the game while illegally equipped, a 15-yard penalty is assessed to Team A head coach and the illegal equipment must be removed for A1 to continue to play. (9-8-1h)

ART. 2 . . . Three attendants, none of whom is a coach, may enter the field to attend their team during a charged time-out or a TV/radio time-out, during the one-minute following a try, a successful field goal or safety, and prior to the succeeding free kick, between periods and during an official’s time-out for unusual heat and humidity. During a time-out for injury, the coach and/or such attendants as may be deemed necessary by the referee may, with permission, enter to attend the injured player(s). In no other case, except as in 2-6, shall any nonplayer other than an entering substitute enter without the referee’s permission.

ART. 3 . . . A nonplayer shall not be outside his team box unless to become a player or to return as a replaced player. A maximum of three coaches may be in the restricted area. No player, nonplayer or coach shall be in the restricted area when the ball is live.

OUTSIDE TEAM BOX – ON FIELD

9.8.3 SITUATION A: In the first period, Team A is warned and then later penalized 5 yards for sideline interference for having more than three coaches or for having noncoaches in the restricted area between the sideline and the team box. The same infraction occurs again in the third period and again in the fourth period. How are these situations penalized? RULING: The third and fourth infractions are both 15-yard penalties. Since the head coach is responsible for the team box, the fouls are all charged to the head coach. The second penalty for a 15-yard unsportsmanlike foul results in the disqualification of the head coach. COMMENT: The 2-yard belt becomes a restricted area when the ball becomes live. (1-2-3g)

9.8.3 SITUATION B: Team A has a player who is deaf. A’s coach requests the referee to (a) permit a signer to go to the team huddle while they are on offense to relay the play-call to the deaf player, (b) permit the signer to move up and down the side- line inside the restricted area without penalty. RULING: Not permitted in (a) or (b).

PENALTY:
Art. 1a through j – Nonplayer foul – (S27), (S7-27 if dead ball) – 15 yards. Arts. 1g and 1h – Nonplayer foul charged to the Head Coach – (S27), (S7-27 if dead ball) – 15 yards.
Art. 2 – Nonplayer foul – (S19) – 5 yards, unless repeated – or unsportsmanlike (S27) – 15 yards.
Arts. 1k, 3 – Nonplayer foul – First offense – (S15) – warning, Second offense – (S7-29) – 5 yards, Each subsequent offense – (S7-29-27) – 15 yards;
Art. 1l – Nonplayer foul – (S27- 47) – 15 yards and disqualification.
Arts. 1, 2, 3 – Any single foul judged by the game official to be flagrant is disqualification. A second unsportsmanlike foul with a 15-yard penalty results in disqualification. A disqualified member of the coaching staff shall be removed from the stadium area and be prohibited from any further contact, with his team, direct or indirect, during the remainder of the game. For failure to comply, the referee may forfeit the game.

SECTION 9 UNFAIR ACTS

ART. 1 . . . A player or nonplayer or person(s) not subject to the rules shall not hinder play by an unfair act which has no specific rule coverage.

UNFAIR ACT

9.9.1 SITUATION A: A is trailing by five points near the end of the fourth period and has no time-outs left when the play ends on B’s 3. The referee does not feel there is any illegal delay in unpiling and that time will definitely expire before the ball is ready and A gets in position to snap. Quarterback A1 reaches into the pile of players and grabs the ball. He then throws the ball to midfield. RULING: Even if the referee imposes a 15-yard penalty for an unsportsmanlike act, A has accomplished its goal – the game clock is stopped and it can get in position and be ready to run a play even though the game clock will start on the ready-for-play signal. This situation illustrates when it is appropriate for the referee to invoke the unfair-act rule and handle the situation in any way that the referee feels is equitable. In this specific situation the referee should wind the clock and end the game without giving A an opportunity to put the ball in play. COMMENT: The rule also gives the referee authority to take appropriate action whenever someone not subject to the rules hinders play. (3-4-6)

9.9.1 SITUATION B: From a field goal formation, potential kicker A1 yells, “Where’s the tee?” A2 replies, “I’ll go get it” and goes legally in motion toward his team’s sideline. Ball is snapped to A1 who throws a touchdown pass to A2. RULING: Unsportsmanlike conduct prior to snap. The ball should be declared dead and the foul enforced as a dead-ball foul. COMMENT: Football has been and always will be a game of deception and trickery involving multiple shifts, unusual formations and creative plays. However, actions or verbiage designed to confuse the defense into believing there is problem and a snap isn’t imminent is beyond the scope of sportsmanship and is illegal.

ART. 2 . . . No team shall repeatedly commit fouls which halve the distance to the goal line.

ART. 3 . . . No player shall hide the ball under a jersey.

ART. 4 . . . No player shall use a kicking tee in violation of Rule 1-3-4.

ART. 5 . . . Neither team shall commit any act which, in the opinion of the referee, tends to make a travesty of the game.

PENALTY:
Arts. 1, 2, 5 – Unfair act – (S27) – the referee enforces any penalty he/she considers equitable, including the award of a score;
Art. 2 – Repeated fouls – the game may be forfeited;
Art. 3 – Hiding the ball under a jersey – (S27) – 15 yards basic spot;
Art. 4 – Using illegal kicking tee (S27) – 15 yards basic spot. NOTE: The penalties in Rules 9-9-3 and 9-9-4 are not charged to the coach or player for the purpose of unsportsmanlike conduct disqualifications.